JNTU Kakinada B-Tech 3-2 RT32043 I DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS R13 April 2018 Question Paper

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the
Nyquist sampling rate for (i) x(2t) (ii)y(t-3)[4M]
b) Sketch the block diagram of ASK generation. [3M]
c) Construct FSK waveform for the input data ?1101? [3M]
d) Verify that I(X;Y)=I(Y;X) [4M]
e) Calculate the capacity of AWGN channel with bandwidth of 1MHz and a S/N ratio
of 40dB.
[4M]
f) Differentiate block codes and convolution codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) What is slope overload distortion and granular noise in Delta Modulation? How is it
removed in ADM?
[10M]
b) A speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4 KHz is applied to a delta modulator
whose bit rate is 20 Kbps. Determine minimum step size for the delta modulation so
that there is no slope overload.
[6M]
3 a) Explain the similarities between BPSK and BFSK. [8M]
b) A binary data stream 0010010011 needs to be transmitted using DPSK Technique.
Prove that the reconstruction of the DPSK signal is independent on the choice of the
extra bit.
[8M]
4 a) What is a matched filter? How does it differ from an optimum filter? Derive an
expression for impulse response of matched filter
[10M]
b) Find the probability of error of BPSK. [6M]
5 a) What is mutual information? State and prove its properties. [10M]
b) What is joint and conditional entropy? Obtain the relationship between them
[6M]
6 a) A DMS X has 4 symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 with probabilities ?, ?, 1/8, 1/8
respectively. Construct Shannon-Fano code for X and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Show that the channel capacity of an ideal AWGN channel with infinite BW is
given by s b
S
C / 44 . 1
?
?
?
.
Where S is the average signal power and 2 / ? is the power spectral density of WGN
[8M]
7 a) What are cyclic codes? List their advantages and disadvantages. [6M]
b) Explain the Viterbi algorithm with example. [10M]
*****

R13
SET – 1

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the
Nyquist sampling rate for (i) x(2t) (ii)y(t-3)[4M]
b) Sketch the block diagram of ASK generation. [3M]
c) Construct FSK waveform for the input data ?1101? [3M]
d) Verify that I(X;Y)=I(Y;X) [4M]
e) Calculate the capacity of AWGN channel with bandwidth of 1MHz and a S/N ratio
of 40dB.
[4M]
f) Differentiate block codes and convolution codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) What is slope overload distortion and granular noise in Delta Modulation? How is it
removed in ADM?
[10M]
b) A speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4 KHz is applied to a delta modulator
whose bit rate is 20 Kbps. Determine minimum step size for the delta modulation so
that there is no slope overload.
[6M]
3 a) Explain the similarities between BPSK and BFSK. [8M]
b) A binary data stream 0010010011 needs to be transmitted using DPSK Technique.
Prove that the reconstruction of the DPSK signal is independent on the choice of the
extra bit.
[8M]
4 a) What is a matched filter? How does it differ from an optimum filter? Derive an
expression for impulse response of matched filter
[10M]
b) Find the probability of error of BPSK. [6M]
5 a) What is mutual information? State and prove its properties. [10M]
b) What is joint and conditional entropy? Obtain the relationship between them
[6M]
6 a) A DMS X has 4 symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 with probabilities ?, ?, 1/8, 1/8
respectively. Construct Shannon-Fano code for X and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Show that the channel capacity of an ideal AWGN channel with infinite BW is
given by s b
S
C / 44 . 1
?
?
?
.
Where S is the average signal power and 2 / ? is the power spectral density of WGN
[8M]
7 a) What are cyclic codes? List their advantages and disadvantages. [6M]
b) Explain the Viterbi algorithm with example. [10M]
*****

R13
SET – 1

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) Find the Nyquist sampling rate for the following signals (i) 5 cos(1000pt) cos(4000pt) (ii) sinc(100pt)[4M]
b) Why PSK is always preferable over ASK in coherent detection? [3M]
c) Define the probability of error. [3M]
d) Calculate the average information content in the English language, assuming that
each of the 26 characters in the alphabet occurs with equal probability.
[4M]
e) Define the efficiency of a Source code. [4M]
f) Mention differences between systematic and non-systematic codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) How is differential PCM advantageous over PCM? Give the block diagrams of
DPCM transmitter and receiver and analyze its parameters.
[10M]
b) In a binary PCM system, the output signal to quantizing noise ratio is to be held to a
minimum value of 40 dB. Determine the number of levels and find the corresponding
signal to quantizing noise ratio.
[6M]
3 a) Determine the bandwidth required for M-ary FSK system. Draw the geometrical
representation of M-ary FSK signals and find out the distance between the signals.
[10M]
b) What is the principle of QPSK system? Compare binary PSK and QPSK schemes
.
[6M]
4 a) Justify the significance of matched filter and give its importance. [6M]
b) A binary receiver system receives a bit rate of 1Mbps. The waveform amplitude is
5 mV and the noise power spectral density is 0.5 x10
-11
W/Hz. Calculate the average
bit error probability if the modulation schemes are ASK, FSK and PSK.
[10M]
5 a) What is entropy? State and prove its properties. [8M]
b) What is average information? State and prove its properties
[8M]
6 a) A DMS X has 5 equally likely symbols
i) Construct a Shannon-Fano code for X, calculate the efficiency of the code
ii) Repeat for Huffman code and compare the results.
[8M]
b) Consider a AWGN channel with 4kHz bandwidth and the noise power spectral
density ?? /2 = 10
-12
W/Hz. The signal power required at the receiver is 0.1mW.
Calculate the capacity of this channel.
[8M]
7 a) Explain sequential decoding process for convolutional codes. [8M]
b) Draw the state diagram, tree diagram, and trellis diagram for k=3, rate 1/3 code
generated by g1 (x) = 1+x
2
, g2(x) = 1+x and g3 (x) = 1+x+x
2
[8M]
*****
R13
SET – 2

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the
Nyquist sampling rate for (i) x(2t) (ii)y(t-3)[4M]
b) Sketch the block diagram of ASK generation. [3M]
c) Construct FSK waveform for the input data ?1101? [3M]
d) Verify that I(X;Y)=I(Y;X) [4M]
e) Calculate the capacity of AWGN channel with bandwidth of 1MHz and a S/N ratio
of 40dB.
[4M]
f) Differentiate block codes and convolution codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) What is slope overload distortion and granular noise in Delta Modulation? How is it
removed in ADM?
[10M]
b) A speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4 KHz is applied to a delta modulator
whose bit rate is 20 Kbps. Determine minimum step size for the delta modulation so
that there is no slope overload.
[6M]
3 a) Explain the similarities between BPSK and BFSK. [8M]
b) A binary data stream 0010010011 needs to be transmitted using DPSK Technique.
Prove that the reconstruction of the DPSK signal is independent on the choice of the
extra bit.
[8M]
4 a) What is a matched filter? How does it differ from an optimum filter? Derive an
expression for impulse response of matched filter
[10M]
b) Find the probability of error of BPSK. [6M]
5 a) What is mutual information? State and prove its properties. [10M]
b) What is joint and conditional entropy? Obtain the relationship between them
[6M]
6 a) A DMS X has 4 symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 with probabilities ?, ?, 1/8, 1/8
respectively. Construct Shannon-Fano code for X and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Show that the channel capacity of an ideal AWGN channel with infinite BW is
given by s b
S
C / 44 . 1
?
?
?
.
Where S is the average signal power and 2 / ? is the power spectral density of WGN
[8M]
7 a) What are cyclic codes? List their advantages and disadvantages. [6M]
b) Explain the Viterbi algorithm with example. [10M]
*****

R13
SET – 1

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) Find the Nyquist sampling rate for the following signals (i) 5 cos(1000pt) cos(4000pt) (ii) sinc(100pt)[4M]
b) Why PSK is always preferable over ASK in coherent detection? [3M]
c) Define the probability of error. [3M]
d) Calculate the average information content in the English language, assuming that
each of the 26 characters in the alphabet occurs with equal probability.
[4M]
e) Define the efficiency of a Source code. [4M]
f) Mention differences between systematic and non-systematic codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) How is differential PCM advantageous over PCM? Give the block diagrams of
DPCM transmitter and receiver and analyze its parameters.
[10M]
b) In a binary PCM system, the output signal to quantizing noise ratio is to be held to a
minimum value of 40 dB. Determine the number of levels and find the corresponding
signal to quantizing noise ratio.
[6M]
3 a) Determine the bandwidth required for M-ary FSK system. Draw the geometrical
representation of M-ary FSK signals and find out the distance between the signals.
[10M]
b) What is the principle of QPSK system? Compare binary PSK and QPSK schemes
.
[6M]
4 a) Justify the significance of matched filter and give its importance. [6M]
b) A binary receiver system receives a bit rate of 1Mbps. The waveform amplitude is
5 mV and the noise power spectral density is 0.5 x10
-11
W/Hz. Calculate the average
bit error probability if the modulation schemes are ASK, FSK and PSK.
[10M]
5 a) What is entropy? State and prove its properties. [8M]
b) What is average information? State and prove its properties
[8M]
6 a) A DMS X has 5 equally likely symbols
i) Construct a Shannon-Fano code for X, calculate the efficiency of the code
ii) Repeat for Huffman code and compare the results.
[8M]
b) Consider a AWGN channel with 4kHz bandwidth and the noise power spectral
density ?? /2 = 10
-12
W/Hz. The signal power required at the receiver is 0.1mW.
Calculate the capacity of this channel.
[8M]
7 a) Explain sequential decoding process for convolutional codes. [8M]
b) Draw the state diagram, tree diagram, and trellis diagram for k=3, rate 1/3 code
generated by g1 (x) = 1+x
2
, g2(x) = 1+x and g3 (x) = 1+x+x
2
[8M]
*****
R13
SET – 2

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the Nyquist
sampling rate for (i) x(t)+y(t) (ii) x(t)y(t)[4M]
b) Consider the binary square 0100101. Draw the waveforms for the following signaling
formats i) bipolar RZ signaling ii) AMI(alternate mark inversion) RZ signaling format
[4M]
c) What is the ambiguity in the decoded output in the case of PSK systems? [3M]
d) If I(x1) is the information carried by message x1 and I(x2) is the information carried by
message x2, then prove that the amount of information carried compositely due to x1 and
x2 is I(x1,x2) = I(x1)+I(x2)[4M]
e) Find the capacity of Gaussian channel of bandwidth 4KHz with noise PSD 10
-9
W/Hz
when signal energy is 0.1 J.
[4M]
f) Give details for hamming distance and specify the conditions to satisfy hamming code. [3M]
PART -B
2 a) Discuss the elements of digital communication system and list the advantages of it. [6M]
b) Consider an audio signal with spectral components limited to the frequency band of
300Hz to 3300Hz. A PCM signal is generated with a sampling rate of 8000 samples/sec.
The required output-signal-to-quantizing-noise ratio is 30dB.
i) What is the minimum number of uniform quantization levels needed and what is the
minimum number of bits per sample needed? ii) Calculate the minimum system
bandwidth required.
[10M]
3 a) How the generation of DPSK signals shall be done? [6M]
b) Explain the working principles of QPSK modulation and demodulation. [10M]
4 a) Explain about ASK system and derive the expression for error probability of binary ASK. [10M]
b) Binary data is transmitted over a telephone line with usable bandwidth of 2400 Hz using
the FSK signaling scheme. The transmit frequencies are 2025 & 2225 Hz, and the data
rate is 300 bits/Sec. The average signal to noise power ratio at the output of the channel is
6dB. Calculate Probability of error for the coherent demodulation scheme.
[6M]
5 a) Show that the entropy for a discrete memory less source is maximum when the output
symbols are equally probable.
[8M]
b) What is mutual information? And prove that for a loss less channel H (X|Y) = 0 and also
prove that H(X,Y)= H(X|Y) + H(Y).
[8M]
6 a) A DMS X has five symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 with respective probabilities 0.2, 0.15,
0.05, 0.1 and 0.5. Construct Huffman code and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Explain the tradeoff between bandwidth and signal to noise ratio. [8M]
7 a) What are hamming codes? Discuss the error correction and detection capability of
hamming code.
[8M]
b) Compare linear block codes and cyclic codes with an example. [8M]
*****

R13
SET – 3

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the
Nyquist sampling rate for (i) x(2t) (ii)y(t-3)[4M]
b) Sketch the block diagram of ASK generation. [3M]
c) Construct FSK waveform for the input data ?1101? [3M]
d) Verify that I(X;Y)=I(Y;X) [4M]
e) Calculate the capacity of AWGN channel with bandwidth of 1MHz and a S/N ratio
of 40dB.
[4M]
f) Differentiate block codes and convolution codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) What is slope overload distortion and granular noise in Delta Modulation? How is it
removed in ADM?
[10M]
b) A speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4 KHz is applied to a delta modulator
whose bit rate is 20 Kbps. Determine minimum step size for the delta modulation so
that there is no slope overload.
[6M]
3 a) Explain the similarities between BPSK and BFSK. [8M]
b) A binary data stream 0010010011 needs to be transmitted using DPSK Technique.
Prove that the reconstruction of the DPSK signal is independent on the choice of the
extra bit.
[8M]
4 a) What is a matched filter? How does it differ from an optimum filter? Derive an
expression for impulse response of matched filter
[10M]
b) Find the probability of error of BPSK. [6M]
5 a) What is mutual information? State and prove its properties. [10M]
b) What is joint and conditional entropy? Obtain the relationship between them
[6M]
6 a) A DMS X has 4 symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 with probabilities ?, ?, 1/8, 1/8
respectively. Construct Shannon-Fano code for X and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Show that the channel capacity of an ideal AWGN channel with infinite BW is
given by s b
S
C / 44 . 1
?
?
?
.
Where S is the average signal power and 2 / ? is the power spectral density of WGN
[8M]
7 a) What are cyclic codes? List their advantages and disadvantages. [6M]
b) Explain the Viterbi algorithm with example. [10M]
*****

R13
SET – 1

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) Find the Nyquist sampling rate for the following signals (i) 5 cos(1000pt) cos(4000pt) (ii) sinc(100pt)[4M]
b) Why PSK is always preferable over ASK in coherent detection? [3M]
c) Define the probability of error. [3M]
d) Calculate the average information content in the English language, assuming that
each of the 26 characters in the alphabet occurs with equal probability.
[4M]
e) Define the efficiency of a Source code. [4M]
f) Mention differences between systematic and non-systematic codes. [4M]
PART -B
2 a) How is differential PCM advantageous over PCM? Give the block diagrams of
DPCM transmitter and receiver and analyze its parameters.
[10M]
b) In a binary PCM system, the output signal to quantizing noise ratio is to be held to a
minimum value of 40 dB. Determine the number of levels and find the corresponding
signal to quantizing noise ratio.
[6M]
3 a) Determine the bandwidth required for M-ary FSK system. Draw the geometrical
representation of M-ary FSK signals and find out the distance between the signals.
[10M]
b) What is the principle of QPSK system? Compare binary PSK and QPSK schemes
.
[6M]
4 a) Justify the significance of matched filter and give its importance. [6M]
b) A binary receiver system receives a bit rate of 1Mbps. The waveform amplitude is
5 mV and the noise power spectral density is 0.5 x10
-11
W/Hz. Calculate the average
bit error probability if the modulation schemes are ASK, FSK and PSK.
[10M]
5 a) What is entropy? State and prove its properties. [8M]
b) What is average information? State and prove its properties
[8M]
6 a) A DMS X has 5 equally likely symbols
i) Construct a Shannon-Fano code for X, calculate the efficiency of the code
ii) Repeat for Huffman code and compare the results.
[8M]
b) Consider a AWGN channel with 4kHz bandwidth and the noise power spectral
density ?? /2 = 10
-12
W/Hz. The signal power required at the receiver is 0.1mW.
Calculate the capacity of this channel.
[8M]
7 a) Explain sequential decoding process for convolutional codes. [8M]
b) Draw the state diagram, tree diagram, and trellis diagram for k=3, rate 1/3 code
generated by g1 (x) = 1+x
2
, g2(x) = 1+x and g3 (x) = 1+x+x
2
[8M]
*****
R13
SET – 2

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) A signal x(t) is band limited to 2 kHz while y(t) is band limited to 3 kHz. Find the Nyquist
sampling rate for (i) x(t)+y(t) (ii) x(t)y(t)[4M]
b) Consider the binary square 0100101. Draw the waveforms for the following signaling
formats i) bipolar RZ signaling ii) AMI(alternate mark inversion) RZ signaling format
[4M]
c) What is the ambiguity in the decoded output in the case of PSK systems? [3M]
d) If I(x1) is the information carried by message x1 and I(x2) is the information carried by
message x2, then prove that the amount of information carried compositely due to x1 and
x2 is I(x1,x2) = I(x1)+I(x2)[4M]
e) Find the capacity of Gaussian channel of bandwidth 4KHz with noise PSD 10
-9
W/Hz
when signal energy is 0.1 J.
[4M]
f) Give details for hamming distance and specify the conditions to satisfy hamming code. [3M]
PART -B
2 a) Discuss the elements of digital communication system and list the advantages of it. [6M]
b) Consider an audio signal with spectral components limited to the frequency band of
300Hz to 3300Hz. A PCM signal is generated with a sampling rate of 8000 samples/sec.
The required output-signal-to-quantizing-noise ratio is 30dB.
i) What is the minimum number of uniform quantization levels needed and what is the
minimum number of bits per sample needed? ii) Calculate the minimum system
bandwidth required.
[10M]
3 a) How the generation of DPSK signals shall be done? [6M]
b) Explain the working principles of QPSK modulation and demodulation. [10M]
4 a) Explain about ASK system and derive the expression for error probability of binary ASK. [10M]
b) Binary data is transmitted over a telephone line with usable bandwidth of 2400 Hz using
the FSK signaling scheme. The transmit frequencies are 2025 & 2225 Hz, and the data
rate is 300 bits/Sec. The average signal to noise power ratio at the output of the channel is
6dB. Calculate Probability of error for the coherent demodulation scheme.
[6M]
5 a) Show that the entropy for a discrete memory less source is maximum when the output
symbols are equally probable.
[8M]
b) What is mutual information? And prove that for a loss less channel H (X|Y) = 0 and also
prove that H(X,Y)= H(X|Y) + H(Y).
[8M]
6 a) A DMS X has five symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 with respective probabilities 0.2, 0.15,
0.05, 0.1 and 0.5. Construct Huffman code and calculate the code efficiency.
[8M]
b) Explain the tradeoff between bandwidth and signal to noise ratio. [8M]
7 a) What are hamming codes? Discuss the error correction and detection capability of
hamming code.
[8M]
b) Compare linear block codes and cyclic codes with an example. [8M]
*****

R13
SET – 3

Code No: RT32043
III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April -2018
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)2. Answering the question in Part-A is compulsory
3. Answer any THREE Questions from Part-B
*****
PART ?A
1 a) Discuss the advantages of DM over PCM. [4M]
b) Construct the constellation diagram for QPSK. [4M]
c) Give the basic components of a filter in baseband data transmission and explain
briefly.
[3M]
d) Show that I(X;Y) = H(Y) ? H(Y|X) [4M]
e) Write short notes on prefix-free code with example. [4M]
f) Discuss about convolutional interleaving. [3M]
PART -B
2 a) Explain quantization error and derive an expression for maximum SNR in PCM
system that uses Linear quantization.
[10M]
b) Given a sine wave of frequency fm and amplitude Am applied to a delta modulator
having step size ?. Find the condition on Am for which slope overload distortion will
occur.
[6M]
3 a) In which way DEPSK is advantageous over DPSK? Explain with an example. [6M]
b) Explain the demodulation of FSK using coherent detection. [10M]
4 a) Explain how integrator is used to detect the baseband signal. Obtain an expression for
S/N of integrator and dump receiver.
[10M]
b) Derive the probability of error for FSK. [6M]
5 a) Define information. Show that information contained in a symbol is inversely
proportional to the probability of occurrence of that symbol.
[6M]
b) The source ?X? generates M message, then prove the following inequality for source
entropy H(x):0 = H(X) = log2 M.
[10M]
6 a) State Shannon?s source coding theorem and explain its implications [8M]
b) A DMS has symbols a,b,c with probabilities 0.65, 0.2, 0.15 respectively.
i) Calculate the entropy of the source
ii) Calculate the entropy of second order extension of the source
[8M]
7 a) Give the matrix description of the linear block codes. [8M]
b) What is the use of syndrome? Draw the (n-k) syndrome calculation circuit for (n,k)cyclic code and explain its operation.
[8M]
*****
R13
SET – 4